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Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-07-13 19:22:08 UTC
Update Date2021-04-30 20:57:56 UTC
LmdbLMDB00003
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common Name2-Hydroxybutyric acid
Description2-Hydroxybutyric acid (alpha-hydroxybutyrate) is an organic acid derived from alpha-ketobutyrate. Alpha-ketobutyrate is produced by amino acid catabolism (threonine and methionine) and glutathione anabolism (cysteine formation pathway) and is metabolized to propionyl-CoA and carbon dioxide (PMID: 20526369 ). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is formed as a by-product during the formation of Alpha-ketobutyrate via a reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or alphañhydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alphañHBDH). Alpha-hydroxybutyric acid is primarily produced in mammalian hepatic tissues that catabolize L-threonine or synthesize glutathione. Oxidative stress or detoxification of xenobiotics in the liver can dramatically increase the rate of hepatic glutathione synthesis. Under such metabolic stress conditions, supplies of L-cysteine for glutathione synthesis become limiting, so homocysteine is diverted from the transmethylation pathway (which forms methionine) into the transsulfuration pathway (which forms cystathionine). 2-Hydroxybutyrate is released as a byproduct when cystathionine is cleaved to cysteine that is incorporated into glutathione. Chronic shifts in the rate of glutathione synthesis may be reflected by urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyrate. 2-hydroxybutyrate is an early marker for both insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation that appears to arise due to increased lipid oxidation and oxidative stress (PMID: 20526369 ). 2-Hydroxybutyric acid is often found in the urine of patients suffering from lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis. 2-Hydroxybutyric acid generally appears at high concentrations in situations related to deficient energy metabolism (e.g., birth asphyxia) and also in inherited metabolic diseases affecting the central nervous system during neonatal development, such as "cerebral" lactic acidosis, glutaric aciduria type II, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) deficiency, and propionic acidemia. More recently it has been noted that elevated levels of alpha-hydroxybutyrate in the plasma is a good marker for early stage type II diabetes (PMID:19166731 ). It was concluded from studies done in the mid 1970's that an increased NADH2/NAD ratio was the most important factor for the production of 2-hydorxybutyric acid (PMID:168632 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-Hydroxybutanoic acidChEBI
alpha-Hydroxybutanoic acidChEBI
alpha-Hydroxybutyric acidChEBI
2-HydroxybutanoateGenerator
a-HydroxybutanoateGenerator
a-Hydroxybutanoic acidGenerator
alpha-HydroxybutanoateGenerator
Α-hydroxybutanoateGenerator
Α-hydroxybutanoic acidGenerator
a-HydroxybutyrateGenerator
a-Hydroxybutyric acidGenerator
alpha-HydroxybutyrateGenerator
Α-hydroxybutyrateGenerator
Α-hydroxybutyric acidGenerator
2-HydroxybutyrateGenerator
(RS)-2-HydroxybutyrateHMDB
(RS)-2-Hydroxybutyric acidHMDB
2-Hydroxy-butanoateHMDB
2-Hydroxy-butanoic acidHMDB
2-Hydroxy-DL-butyrateHMDB
2-Hydroxy-DL-butyric acidHMDB
2-Hydroxy-N-butyrateHMDB
2-Hydroxy-N-butyric acidHMDB
a-Hydroxy-N-butyrateHMDB
a-Hydroxy-N-butyric acidHMDB
alpha-Hydroxy-N-butyrateHMDB
alpha-Hydroxy-N-butyric acidHMDB
DL-2-HydroxybutanoateHMDB
DL-2-Hydroxybutanoic acidHMDB
DL-a-HydroxybutyrateHMDB
DL-a-Hydroxybutyric acidHMDB
DL-alpha-HydroxybutyrateHMDB
DL-alpha-Hydroxybutyric acidHMDB
2-Hydroxybutyric acid, (R)-isomerHMDB
2-Hydroxybutyric acid, monosodium saltHMDB
2-Hydroxybutyric acid, (+-)-isomerHMDB
2-Hydroxybutyric acid, monosodium salt, (+-)-isomerHMDB
(+/-)a-hydoxy butyrateHMDB
(+/-)a-hydoxy butyric acidHMDB
(+/-)alpha-hydoxy butyrateHMDB
(+/-)α-hydoxy butyrateHMDB
(+/-)α-hydoxy butyric acidHMDB
2-Hydroxybutyric acidMeSH
Chemical FormulaC4H8O3
Average Molecular Weight104.1045
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight104.047344122
IUPAC Name2-hydroxybutanoic acid
Traditional Nameα-hydroxybutyric acid
CAS Registry Number600-15-7
SMILES
CCC(O)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C4H8O3/c1-2-3(5)4(6)7/h3,5H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)
InChI KeyAFENDNXGAFYKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha hydroxy acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a carboxylic acid substituted with a hydroxyl group on the adjacent carbon.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassHydroxy acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAlpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
Direct ParentAlpha hydroxy acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Fatty acid
  • Alpha-hydroxy acid
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
StatusDetected and Quantified
OriginNot Available
BiofunctionNot Available
ApplicationNot Available
Cellular locationsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-0.16ALOGPS
logP0.051ChemAxon
logS0.67ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.99ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-3.8ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-1ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count2ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area57.53 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity23.36 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability9.98 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-001j-0900000000-44dd1bf8072e5731bac4Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)splash10-00e9-9700000000-93eba027d5343e3d6ce1Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)splash10-001i-1910000000-3bc9898b26df33cad244Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-4d935da8e593ec61fd96Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-001j-0900000000-44dd1bf8072e5731bac4Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00e9-9700000000-93eba027d5343e3d6ce1Spectrum
GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-001i-1910000000-3bc9898b26df33cad244Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-0a6u-9000000000-0d95c1179b1b00650601Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-00v0-9520000000-598a2bd61c303327bd8fSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-0zfr-9600000000-f688c3e6fdeb5f0270c5Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-0a4j-9200000000-e3b371c29b9ebed3199bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative (Annotated)splash10-0zfs-9700000000-bccfada2c97e04d34417Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-7M) , Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-4d935da8e593ec61fd96Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , negativesplash10-0udi-2900000000-3c7915ea71886873f024Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - , negativesplash10-0zfr-7900000000-d91c840306a06d4ea513Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9500000000-8f04a5941997004743d2Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9100000000-cef703dc6f30af7834a8Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-052f-9000000000-1e7e6e8a895c4c1d51dbSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-0udi-4900000000-d0907a0b08e0d829cecaSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-0pb9-9200000000-d826b54f814ac185b4dbSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-0a4l-9000000000-3727124ed618f038b514Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid Locations and Tissue Locations
  • Colostrum
  • Meat
  • Milk
  • Plasma
  • Serum
  • Urine
Concentrations
BiofluidStatusValueConditionSpeciesReferenceDetails
ColostrumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine
    • S. F. Graham, T. ...
details
MeatDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine
    • S. F. Graham, T. ...
details
MilkDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableEquine
    • E. E. Escalona, J...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified12.2646 +/- 7.1083 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected and Quantified15.2437 +/- 10.0712 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified10.0813 +/- 2.7636 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified9.07 +/- 4.04 uMNot AvailableOvine
    • Candidate serum m...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified10.8349 +/- 6.3531 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified11.9113 +/- 6.7682 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified12.9929 +/- 12.0638 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified10.3805 +/- 10.1339 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified0.0100 +/- 0.000845 uMNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected and Quantified0.00739 +/- 0.000346 uMNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected and Quantified12.0996 +/- 8.7606 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified11.6726 +/- 12.2679 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified10.6409 +/- 4.2922 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified11.5711 +/- 7.3668 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified8.8305 +/- 4.1904 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified15.0364 +/- 9.6379 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified11.7514 +/- 5.3466 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified8.9063 +/- 6.6552 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified12.8262 +/- 7.3279 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified10.2635 +/- 7.6825 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified14.5287 +/- 10.0711 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified11.6403 +/- 4.7974 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified11.633 +/- 6.2243 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
DrugBank IDNot Available
HMDB IDHMDB0000008
FooDB IDFDB021867
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
BiGG ID47130
BioCyc IDNot Available
METLIN ID3783
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia Link2-Hydroxybutyric_acid
Chemspider ID10792
ChEBI ID1148
PubChem Compound ID11266
Kegg Compound IDC05984
YMDB IDYMDB00441
ECMDB IDECMDB24007
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Gall WE, Beebe K, Lawton KA, Adam KP, Mitchell MW, Nakhle PJ, Ryals JA, Milburn MV, Nannipieri M, Camastra S, Natali A, Ferrannini E: alpha-hydroxybutyrate is an early biomarker of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in a nondiabetic population. PLoS One. 2010 May 28;5(5):e10883. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010883. [20526369 ]
  2. Li X, Xu Z, Lu X, Yang X, Yin P, Kong H, Yu Y, Xu G: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for metabonomics: Biomarker discovery for diabetes mellitus. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Feb 9;633(2):257-62. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.058. Epub 2008 Dec 3. [19166731 ]
  3. Landaas S, Pettersen JE: Clinical conditions associated with urinary excretion of 2-hydroxybutyric acid. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1975 May;35(3):259-66. [168632 ]