Livestock Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for L-Glutamine (LMDB00202)

Identification Taxonomy Ontology Physical properties Spectra Biological properties Concentrations Links References XML

Record Information

Version

1.0

Creation Date

2016-07-13 19:44:37 UTC

Update Date

2021-04-30 20:57:58 UTC

Lmdb

LMDB00202

Secondary Accession Numbers

None

Metabolite Identification

Common Name

L-Glutamine

Description

Glutamine (Gln) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. In animals it is considered a non-essential amino acid. Structurally, glutamine is similar to the amino acid glutamic acid. However, instead of having a terminal carboxylic acid, it has an amide. Enzymatically, glutamine is formed by replacing a side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. Glutamine is found in foods high in proteins, such as fish, red meat, beans, and dairy products. Glutamine is often used as a supplement in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports, as well as by those who suffer from muscular cramps or pain -- particularly elderly people. The main use of glutamine within the diet of either group is as a means of replenishing the body's stores of amino acids that have been used during exercise or everyday activities. Studies which have looked into problems with excessive consumption of glutamine thus far have proved inconclusive. However, normal supplementation is healthy mainly because glutamine is supposed to be supplemented after prolonged periods of exercise (for example, a workout or exercise in which amino acids are required for use) and replenishes amino acid stores. This is one of the main reasons glutamine is recommended during fasting or for people who suffer from physical trauma, immune deficiencies, or cancer. There is a significant body of evidence that links glutamine-enriched diets with positive intestinal effects. These include maintenance of gut barrier function, aiding intestinal cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as generally reducing septic morbidity and the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The reason for such "cleansing" properties is thought to stem from the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food. It is also known that glutamine has positive effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital waiting times after abdominal surgery are reduced by providing parenteral nutrition regimens containing amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and improved lymphocyte recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any side-effects. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/glutamine). Glutamine is now identified as an important fuel source for a number of cancers. In particular, the conversion of glutamine to lactate via a process called glutaminolysis is a mechanism that complements aerobic glycolysis (the conversion of glucose to lactate). Glutaminolysis incorporates parts of the citrate cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The reaction steps of glutaminolysis take place in both the cytosol and mitochondria. Low serum levels of glutamine and high serum levels of lactate can be a potential indicator of cancer.

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

Value	Source
(2S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid	ChEBI
(2S)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid	ChEBI
(S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid	ChEBI
Glutamic acid 5-amide	ChEBI
Glutamic acid amide	ChEBI
GLUTAMINE	ChEBI
L-(+)-Glutamine	ChEBI
L-2-Aminoglutaramic acid	ChEBI
L-Glutamic acid gamma-amide	ChEBI
L-Glutamin	ChEBI
L-Glutaminsaeure-5-amid	ChEBI
Levoglutamide	ChEBI
Q	ChEBI
Endari	Kegg
Nutrestore	Kegg
(2S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoate	Generator
(2S)-2-Amino-4-carbamoylbutanoate	Generator
(S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoate	Generator
Glutamate 5-amide	Generator
Glutamate amide	Generator
L-2-Aminoglutaramate	Generator
L-Glutamate g-amide	Generator
L-Glutamate gamma-amide	Generator
L-Glutamate γ-amide	Generator
L-Glutamic acid g-amide	Generator
L-Glutamic acid γ-amide	Generator
2-Aminoglutaramic acid	HMDB
Cebrogen	HMDB
gamma-Glutamine	HMDB
Glavamin	HMDB
Glumin	HMDB
L-2-Aminoglutaramidic acid	HMDB
L-Glutamic acid 5-amide	HMDB
L-Glutamid	HMDB
L-Glutamide	HMDB
Levoglutamid	HMDB
Levoglutamida	HMDB
Levoglutamidum	HMDB
Levoglutamina	HMDB
Polyglutamine	HMDB
Stimulina	HMDB
D-Glutamine	HMDB
D Glutamine	HMDB
L Glutamine	HMDB

Chemical Formula

C₅H₁₀N₂O₃

Average Molecular Weight

146.1445

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

146.069142196

IUPAC Name

(2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid

Traditional Name

L-glutamine

CAS Registry Number

56-85-9

SMILES

N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(O)=O

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C5H10N2O3/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8/h3H,1-2,6H2,(H2,7,8)(H,9,10)/t3-/m0/s1

InChI Key

ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as l-alpha-amino acids. These are alpha amino acids which have the L-configuration of the alpha-carbon atom.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Amino acids, peptides, and analogues

Direct Parent

L-alpha-amino acids

Alternative Parents

Substituents

L-alpha-amino acid
Fatty acid
Amino acid
Carboximidic acid
Carboximidic acid derivative
Carboxylic acid
Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
Amine
Hydrocarbon derivative
Primary amine
Organooxygen compound
Organonitrogen compound
Organic oxide
Primary aliphatic amine
Organopnictogen compound
Organic oxygen compound
Organic nitrogen compound
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

proteinogenic amino acid (CHEBI:18050 )
L-alpha-amino acid (CHEBI:18050 )
glutamine (CHEBI:18050 )
glutamine family amino acid (CHEBI:18050 )
Common amino acids (C00064 )

Ontology

Status

Detected and Quantified

Origin

Not Available

Biofunction

Not Available

Application

Not Available

Cellular locations

Not Available

Physical Properties

State

Not Available

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Melting Point	Not Available	Not Available
Boiling Point	Not Available	Not Available
Water Solubility	Not Available	Not Available
LogP	Not Available	Not Available

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
logP	-3.3	ALOGPS
logP	-4	ChemAxon
logS	-0.17	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	2.15	ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)	9.31	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	0	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	3	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	106.41 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	4	ChemAxon
Refractivity	33.11 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	13.87 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	Yes	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-adb283bb40327f705680	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-134e80840320dadf6ad1	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (3 TMS)	splash10-05fr-7910000000-89f87d4acc18299244f5	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-952a471cad5e5ead0a7e	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS)	splash10-004i-1961000000-94183211889cfe72d4ff	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (3 TMS)	splash10-0a4i-1920000000-6505cd814f3707a0feba	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (4 TMS)	splash10-004i-0692000000-9788416fdefb051b9586	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-adb283bb40327f705680	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-134e80840320dadf6ad1	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-QQ (Non-derivatized)	splash10-00dj-4921200000-5446333d9aa592da8a07	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-05fr-7910000000-89f87d4acc18299244f5	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-952a471cad5e5ead0a7e	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-004i-1961000000-94183211889cfe72d4ff	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-1920000000-6505cd814f3707a0feba	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-004i-0692000000-9788416fdefb051b9586	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0910000000-ce2b15fe45c57a30c6bb	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0ab9-1900000000-7be5eab1056d2a249ab5	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0a4i-0900000000-5dc2d147bea250c7b80e	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0fb9-0921000000-5dcbab01982f543f7925	Spectrum
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-004j-0940000000-102c9a43b5153f06927f	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-0006-9300000000-716b1947d48f42862cdf	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (1 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00dl-9610000000-bfd7aa529a6e7f62de43	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0059-3900000000-c8f487d1a561e49327c0	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-001i-9000000000-eee04836e7577e11d0d0	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)	splash10-0a59-9000000000-54ffbe5be8d7dbede389	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0002-0900000000-79283391c985f8286677	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-6afbd5929b6e2371a371	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-d5bd83614703b048228e	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-dc8def340a2655f9a399	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-0002-0900000000-47e3e94a4387c53e0bd6	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-9000000000-c1acfa3750a90d81ce15	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-004i-0900000000-93f01bccbc98f18d4b07	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Positive	splash10-001i-0900000000-ce03708ec9ce55cd8952	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0933201000-9339494cebedd9c39135	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-004i-0900000000-64561a4c3590d5994e37	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-fdcdd7591fb182d804e2	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-03dm-0030900000-66314ae704783630947a	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0933100000-8798d2e46a415bb1029a	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-004i-0900000000-dddea137e500a9b364cc	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-a78f8e4b2d6b37917b21	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative	splash10-0002-0920000000-8c6e1eb7de6f70911080	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative	splash10-0002-0900000000-fa42fc4bcba608992804	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative	splash10-004i-2900000000-074610880ea19a417f60	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative	splash10-059x-9200000000-8b7dae54eb8325667bd7	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-e115d9215eea3f0c3629	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative	splash10-0006-9000000000-55b1ac62eea66274b984	Spectrum
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positive	splash10-001j-0900000000-c9c71895033d66cb2bec	Spectrum
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-001i-9000000000-bc4e294b8a3fd8c5abce	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
2D NMR	[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum
2D NMR	[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	Spectrum

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Not Available

Biofluid Locations and Tissue Locations

Brain
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Colostrum
Feces
Jejunum
Kidney
Liver
Lung
Meat
Milk
Plasma
Ruminal Fluid
Serum
Urine
Vitreous Humour

Concentrations

Biofluid	Status	Value	Condition	Species	Reference	Details
Brain	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Ovine	25959287	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Ovine	17510975	details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Ovine	17510975	details
Colostrum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	22436164	details
Colostrum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	25637742	details
Colostrum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	S. F. Graham, T. ...	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Ovine	17249687	details
Feces	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Equine	E. E. Escalona, J...	details
Jejunum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21584308	details
Kidney	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21761043	details
Liver	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21761043	details
Lung	Detected and Quantified	0.18+/-0.02 umol/g	Not Available	Porcine	23412987	details
Meat	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	22436164	details
Meat	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	25637742	details
Meat	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	S. F. Graham, T. ...	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	6.06+/-0.68 umol/g	Not Available	Bovine	S. F. Graham, T. ...	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	6.18+/-0.65 umol/g	Not Available	Bovine	S. F. Graham, T. ...	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	6.47+/-1.36 umol/g	Not Available	Bovine	S. F. Graham, T. ...	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	9.33+/-0.96 umol/g	Not Available	Bovine	S. F. Graham, T. ...	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	1148.18 +/- 201.58 uM	Not Available	Bovine	20831251	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	1508.29 +/- 185.39 uM	Not Available	Bovine	20831251	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	1582.02 +/- 237.99 uM	Not Available	Bovine	20831251	details
Meat	Detected and Quantified	476.93 +/- 64.67 uM	Not Available	Bovine	20831251	details
Milk	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	25108860	details
Milk	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	Kurt J. Boudonck,...	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	22370585	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	22370585	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	24440255	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	24630653	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21859467	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	23100586	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Ovine	17249687	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Ovine	22242129	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	22675387	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	20231903	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Equine	21496096	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	Trabi M, Keller M...	details
Plasma	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Equine	E. E. Escalona, J...	details
Plasma	Detected and Quantified	301 +/- 6-279+/-4 uM	Not Available	Porcine	22513987	details
Plasma	Detected and Quantified	761 +/- 60-864+/-46 uM	Not Available	Porcine	22513987	details
Plasma	Detected and Quantified	925 +/- 80-998+/-41 uM	Not Available	Porcine	22513987	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	24617926	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	830.5 uM	Not Available	Bovine	22959937	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	907.6 uM	Not Available	Bovine	22959937	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	945.3 uM	Not Available	Bovine	22959937	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	993.6 uM	Not Available	Bovine	22959937	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	831 +/- 251 uM	Not Available	Bovine	Saleem F, Bouatra...	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	831 +/- 252 uM	Not Available	Bovine	Saleem F, Bouatra...	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	907 +/- 255 uM	Not Available	Bovine	Saleem F, Bouatra...	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	946 +/- 239 uM	Not Available	Bovine	Saleem F, Bouatra...	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected and Quantified	994 +/- 358 uM	Not Available	Bovine	Saleem F, Bouatra...	details
Ruminal Fluid	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	Fozia Saleem, Sou...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	220.2961 +/- 99.8109 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	260.7613 +/- 67.1232 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21942754	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	18989615	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	23255817	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	26020888	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	22761248	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	252.4387 +/- 65.6298 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21584308	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	25372282	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	25372282	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	25372282	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	25599412	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	242.9986 +/- 98.7561 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	24888604	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Bovine	24888604	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21761043	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21429726	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	205.1231 +/- 77.0633 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Caprine	24214495	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	890 uM	Not Available	Porcine	23255817	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	920 uM	Not Available	Porcine	23255817	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	390.572 uM	Not Available	Porcine	26020888	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	288.824 uM	Not Available	Porcine	26020888	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	176.37 +/- 58.99 uM	Not Available	Ovine	Candidate serum m...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	257.0743 uM	Not Available	Porcine	26020888	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	252.0793 uM	Not Available	Porcine	26020888	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	243.7531 +/- 71.5635 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	284.5331 +/- 47.8974 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	212.6252 +/- 88.5625 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	215.8854 +/- 69.6051 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	187.9916 +/- 68.2035 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Equine	Lucia Pappalardo,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	242.1054 +/- 84.4981 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	211.6836 +/- 95.6277 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	200.685 +/- 55.1687 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	205.4405 +/- 86.5038 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	256.5733 +/- 54.9762 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	188.1278 +/- 65.3219 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	272.9581 +/- 103.1956 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	246.8199 +/- 45.2536 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	212.5152 +/- 105.7053 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	557.9 uM	Not Available	Porcine	Barbara U. Metzle...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	646.2 uM	Not Available	Porcine	Barbara U. Metzle...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	687.2 uM	Not Available	Porcine	Barbara U. Metzle...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	711.4 uM	Not Available	Porcine	Barbara U. Metzle...	details
Serum	Detected and Quantified	195.6929 +/- 76.8004 uM	Normal	Ovine	Goldansaz et al.,...	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	21761043	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Porcine	24696864	details
Urine	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Equine	E. E. Escalona, J...	details
Vitreous Humour	Detected but not Quantified	Not Applicable	Not Available	Caprine	24845217	details