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Record Information
Version1.0
Creation Date2016-07-13 19:40:30 UTC
Update Date2021-04-30 20:57:57 UTC
LmdbLMDB00015
Secondary Accession NumbersNone
Metabolite Identification
Common NameBetaine
DescriptionBetaine, (or N,N,N-trimethylglycine) was named after its discovery in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) in the 19th century. It is a small N-trimethylated amino acid, existing in zwitterionic form at neutral pH. It is now often called glycine betaine to distinguish it from other betaines that are widely distributed in microorganisms, plants and animals. Many naturally occurring betaines serve as organic osmolytes, substances synthesized or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration (Wikipedia). Betaine functions as a methyl donor in that it carries and donates methyl functional groups to facilitate necessary chemical processes. In particular it methylates homocysteine to methionine, also producing N,N-dimethylglycine. The donation of methyl groups is important to proper liver function, cellular replication, and detoxification reactions. Betaine also plays a role in the manufacture of carnitine and serves to protect the kidneys from damage. Betaine comes from either the diet or by the oxidation of choline. Betaine insufficiency is associated with the metabolic syndrome, lipid disorders and diabetes, and may have a role in vascular and other diseases (PMID: 20346934 ). Betaine is important in development, from the pre-implantation embryo to infancy. Betaine is also widely regarded as an anti-oxidant. Betaine has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on NO release in activated microglial cells and may be an effective therapeutic component to control neurological disorders (PMID: 22801281 ). As a drug, betaine hydrochloride has been used as a source of hydrochloric acid in the treatment of hypochlorhydria. Betaine has also been used in the treatment of liver disorders, for hyperkalemia, for homocystinuria, and for gastrointestinal disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th Ed, p1341).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
(Trimethylammoniumyl)acetateChEBI
1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium inner saltChEBI
2-N,N,N-Trimethylammonio acetateChEBI
AbromineChEBI
AcidolChEBI
BetChEBI
N,N,N-TrimethylammonioacetateChEBI
N,N,N-TrimethylglycineChEBI
TrimethylaminoacetateChEBI
TrimethylammonioacetateChEBI
TrimethylglycineChEBI
TrimethylglycocollChEBI
Glycine betaineKegg
CystadaneKegg
(Trimethylammoniumyl)acetic acidGenerator
2-N,N,N-Trimethylammonio acetic acidGenerator
N,N,N-Trimethylammonioacetic acidGenerator
Trimethylaminoacetic acidGenerator
Trimethylammonioacetic acidGenerator
(Carboxymethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide inner saltHMDB
(Trimethylammonio)acetateHMDB
1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-methanaminiumHMDB
1-Carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-methanaminium hydroxideHMDB
a-EarleineHMDB
alpha-EarleineHMDB
AminocoatHMDB
BetafinHMDB
Betafin BCRHMDB
Betafin BPHMDB
Ektasolve eeHMDB
FinnStimHMDB
Glycocoll betaineHMDB
GlycylbetaineHMDB
GreenstimHMDB
Loramine amb 13HMDB
Loramine amb-13HMDB
LycineHMDB
OxyneurineHMDB
Rubrine CHMDB
Trimethylbetaine glycineHMDB
Acidin pepsinHMDB
Beaufour brand OF betaine citrateHMDB
Byk brand OF betaine phosphateHMDB
Fournier brand OF betaine ascorbate and hydrateHMDB
Hydrochloride, betaineHMDB
Logeais brand OF betaine cyclobutyrateHMDB
NovobetaineHMDB
Betaine hydrochlorideHMDB
Betaine orphan brandHMDB
Boizot brand OF betaine aspartateHMDB
C.B.B.HMDB
Citrate de bétaïne upsaHMDB
Scorbo-bétaïneHMDB
Stea-16HMDB
Stea16HMDB
Acidin-pepsinHMDB
Citrate de bétaïne beaufourHMDB
Orphan brand OF betaineHMDB
Scorbo bétaïneHMDB
AcidinPepsinHMDB
Betaine, glycineHMDB
HepastylHMDB
ScorbobétaïneHMDB
UPSA brand OF betaine citrateHMDB
Stea 16HMDB
BetaineChEBI
Chemical FormulaC5H11NO2
Average Molecular Weight117.1463
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight117.078978601
IUPAC Name2-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate
Traditional Name(trimethylammonio)acetate
CAS Registry Number107-43-7
SMILES
C[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C5H11NO2/c1-6(2,3)4-5(7)8/h4H2,1-3H3
InChI KeyKWIUHFFTVRNATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon).
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassAmino acids, peptides, and analogues
Direct ParentAlpha amino acids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Alpha-amino acid
  • Quaternary ammonium salt
  • Tetraalkylammonium salt
  • Carboxylic acid salt
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic salt
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amine
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
StatusDetected and Quantified
OriginNot Available
BiofunctionNot Available
ApplicationNot Available
Cellular locationsNot Available
Physical Properties
StateNot Available
Experimental Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting PointNot AvailableNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water SolubilityNot AvailableNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Predicted Properties
PropertyValueSource
logP-2.7ALOGPS
logP-4.5ChemAxon
logS-2ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)2.26ChemAxon
Physiological Charge0ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count2ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count0ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area40.13 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon
Refractivity52.82 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability12.11 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterYesChemAxon
Veber's RuleYesChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleYesChemAxon
Spectra
Spectra
Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyView
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-05fu-9200000000-96ab6e2136fe7e03b63aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-014i-0900000000-feacc600820771d2a77bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-e5bbda9fb66994576062Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Positive (Annotated)splash10-0a4i-9000000000-c382759eab7d0a87ac27Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-a7beb42e6944181ae5d9Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Positivesplash10-014i-1900000000-77fbc4a2b76030d53644Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9100000000-2941e4997f202293bf71Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-9b9e3cecb77ed4b40b7cSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-27bbb5f9642306216a0bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Positivesplash10-014i-1900000000-82a41cbb0f697910b577Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) 30V, Positivesplash10-0aor-9500000000-9a0f1853188052d798c6Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-066r-5900000000-a6291f86046f32ad3c81Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0a4i-9200000000-709208d6782f1b588501Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-a7beb42e6944181ae5d9Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-014i-1900000000-77fbc4a2b76030d53644Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0a4i-9100000000-2941e4997f202293bf71Spectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-a2560fc2add75f79eadbSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-QQ , positivesplash10-0a4i-9000000000-27bbb5f9642306216a0bSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-ITFT , positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-b45353825d98488d752aSpectrum
LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - LC-ESI-IT , positivesplash10-0aor-9500000000-3fdd9d17a169db5c58ddSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positivesplash10-014i-0900000000-493791dfdd428fc3bd6bSpectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positivesplash10-014i-3900000000-b2afc99d27edd18d7f29Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positivesplash10-0lk9-9500000000-5c3747866d41ab8df618Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negativesplash10-014i-0900000000-5cf478650fcc3a71b790Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negativesplash10-014i-0900000000-86832153dde465116f78Spectrum
Predicted LC-MS/MSPredicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negativesplash10-066r-9600000000-2e90f09f2c87dfc45640Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-0a4l-9000000000-f32989f795eeceb8b692Spectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR13C NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
1D NMR1H NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,1H] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
2D NMR[1H,13C] 2D NMR SpectrumNot AvailableSpectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular LocationsNot Available
Biofluid Locations and Tissue Locations
  • Bile acid
  • Brain cortex
  • Colostrum
  • Jejunum
  • Kidney
  • Liver
  • Lung
  • Meat
  • Milk
  • Pancreas
  • Plasma
  • Proximal colon
  • Serum
  • Synovial Fluid
  • Urine
  • Vitreous Humour
Concentrations
BiofluidStatusValueConditionSpeciesReferenceDetails
Bile acidDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
Brain cortexDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
ColostrumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine details
JejunumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
KidneyDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
LiverDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
LungDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
MeatDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine details
MeatDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
MeatDetected and Quantified315.07 +/- 23.69 uMNot AvailableBovine details
MeatDetected and Quantified345.85 +/- 38.4 uMNot AvailableBovine details
MeatDetected and Quantified375.31 +/- 38.29 uMNot AvailableBovine details
MeatDetected and Quantified456.74 +/- 30.58 uMNot AvailableBovine details
MilkDetected and Quantified489-1263 uMNot AvailableBovine details
MilkDetected and Quantified459-1410 uMNot AvailableBovine details
PancreasDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableOvine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine
    • Trabi M, Keller M...
details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
PlasmaDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
Proximal colonDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
Proximal colonDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected and Quantified248.0184 +/- 79.9511 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified243.453 +/- 79.9188 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified253.299 +/- 85.4398 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified227.6428 +/- 67.6482 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified129.35 +/- 45.82 uMNot AvailableOvine
    • Candidate serum m...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified254.1759 +/- 97.9319 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified166.4172 +/- 42.0874 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified259.0429 +/- 93.1402 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableBovine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableOvine details
SerumDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableOvine details
SerumDetected and Quantified264.0873 +/- 86.7699 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified200.1745 +/- 74.5394 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified216.1433 +/- 68.8081 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified188.5828 +/- 43.5348 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified246.7355 +/- 84.2412 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified174.6864 +/- 45.3711 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified224.8171 +/- 53.8043 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified205.2348 +/- 68.453 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified315.5213 +/- 118.879 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified257.7187 +/- 70.2665 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified192.8701 +/- 55.0322 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified235.0852 +/- 68.5174 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
SerumDetected and Quantified189.9565 +/- 56.6711 uM
Normal
Ovine
    • Goldansaz et al.,...
details
Synovial FluidDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableOvine details
UrineDetected and Quantified116 umol/mmol creatinineNot AvailablePorcine details
UrineDetected and Quantified705 umol/mmol creatinineNot AvailablePorcine details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailablePorcine details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableOvine details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableOvine details
Vitreous HumourDetected but not QuantifiedNot ApplicableNot AvailableCaprine details
DrugBank IDDB06756
HMDB IDHMDB0000043
FooDB IDFDB009020
Phenol Explorer IDNot Available
KNApSAcK IDC00007291
BiGG ID35786
BioCyc IDBETAINE
METLIN ID287
PDB IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkTrimethylglycine
Chemspider ID242
ChEBI ID17750
PubChem Compound ID247
Kegg Compound IDC00719
YMDB IDYMDB01516
ECMDB IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceNot Available
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References
  1. Lever M, Slow S: The clinical significance of betaine, an osmolyte with a key role in methyl group metabolism. Clin Biochem. 2010 Jun;43(9):732-44. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.009. Epub 2010 Mar 25. [20346934 ]
  2. Amiraslani B, Sabouni F, Abbasi S, Nazem H, Sabet M: Recognition of betaine as an inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in activated microglial cells. Iran Biomed J. 2012;16(2):84-9. [22801281 ]